Інваріантні значення і типові смисли англійських прикметників семантичного поля температурної ознаки

Abstract

Батрин Н.В. Інваріантні значення та типові смисли прикметників семантичного поля температурної ознаки. - Рукопис. Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата філологічних наук за спеціальністю 10.02.04. - германські мови. - Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка, Львів, 2001. Дисертацію присвячено питанням значення слова взагалі та інваріантного значення зокрема, аналізу інваріантного значення слова в мові та смислу в мовленні, семантики прикметника і польового підходу до її вивчення. В дисертації виділено та описано інваріантні значення в термінах сем прикметників семантичного поля температурної ознаки, виведені формули визначення ступеня синонімічності та антонімічності членів семантичного поля на основі семного складу їх значень, простежено роль інваріантного значення в породженні різних смислів у процесі вживання досліджуваних прикметників, вперше введено поняття градаційної семи і визначено її функціонування в утворенні нових смислів прикметників. Основні результати праці знайшли своє застосування у процесі написання програм теоретичних курсів і спецкурсів з лексикології, семасіології, лексикографії. Ключові слова: інваріантне значення, семантичне поле, категоріальна сема, потенціальна сема, диференційна сема, градаційна сема, смисл. Batryn N.V. Invariant meanings and typical senses of semantic field of English adjectives, which characterise temperature. Thesis for a candidate's degree by speciality 10.02.04 - German languages. -Lviv Ivan Franko national university, Lviv, 2001. The dissertation is devoted to the problem of meaning in general and invariant meaning in particular, analysis of invariant meaning in language and sense in speech, semantics of adjectives and semantic field approach to its study. Different approaches to the study of meaning of the word are anylised, including the philosophical aspect of problem, relations between meaning and notion, meaning and sign. Meanings of adjectives have been analysed. Attention has been drawn to considerable divergences in compiling explanatory dictionary entries where different senses of these words are mostly described instead of the meanings proper. Adequate employment of the opposition method tracing availability/non-availibility of the marked member made it possible to single out the invariant meaning of the adjectives proper on the language level as a well as to reveal the mechanism responsible for generating various senses of the adjectives in speech. In the process of investigating the semantics of adjective the following questions were researched: • the correlation between the semantics of adjective and noun; • the integration of their semantics; • meaning of the adjective before it is combined with a noun. The conclusion is that adjective has got its own semantics, which is based on the category of quality. Every adjective possesses its own invariant meaning, which realises the function of differentiation and gradation, creating new senses. The attention is drawn to the group of adjectives that form the semantic field, characterising temperature. The investigation consists of five stages: • ascertaining the synonymous series of adjective with a dominant cold; • exposition the nuclear of the synonym row of adjective with a dominant cold; • ascertaining the synonym row with a dominant warm; • exposition the nuclear of the synonym row with a dominant warm; • joining up of these synonym rows into the antonym group of adjectives, forming the semantic field of adjectives with temperature characteristics with a nuclear, which consists of the sum of nuclears of researched rows. The componential analysis of dictionary entries made it possible to reveal qualitative and quantitative characteristics of each member, their relations and place of each unit in nuclear-peripheral structure of the semantic field. There are 2070 members in the field and 12 members in its nuclear, namely, cold, cool, chilly, frigid, icy, freezing, arctic, warm, lukewarm, hot, tepid, torrid. There are described invariant meanings of adjectives which characterise temperature in terms of semes in the investigation, there are proposed formulas of synonym and antonym coefficient of field members on the basis of seme structure of their meaning, there is established role of invariant meaning on the formation of different senses in the process of the use of adjectives. The attention is drawn to the problems of semantic gradation. For the first time the notion of gradual seme is introduced and its function in the formation of new senses is stated. The main types of temperature adjective senses are described in the third chapter. 4598 samples from 81 English and American originals are analysed and 1305071 samples from Internet are suggested. The process of formation of different senses is revealed by means of semantic oppositions and the combination of semes that form the invariant meaning of the adjective and predominate in it. The presence of differentiating semes - the internal and external warmth - determines the type of the sense of the adjective. Thus the main type of senses are divided into two groups: the first one characterises the phenomena of external world (the seme - internal warmth - prevails); the second - the inner world of human's personality. That is why the nouns which characterise the temperature adjectives are divided onto two groups: The first one includes nouns which name 1) natural phenomena, 2) time periods, 3) location, 4) apartments, premises; 5) clothes; 6) meals; 7) objects. The second includes nouns that characterise features of person's character, state, and spirit. The gradual seme determines the quantity of warmth (both internal and external) and influences on the formation of different senses, for example, cool possesses more warmth in comparison with a dominant, chill - less warmth, freezing, frigid - the least. The results of the work have found its utility in the design of the new programs to the theoretical courses of Lexicology, Semasiology, and Lexicography. Key words: invariant meaning, seme, integrated seme, differentiated seme, potential seme, gradual seme, sense.