Податкова політика країн ОЕСР

Abstract

Систематизовано досвід формування і реалізації податкової політики країн ОЕСР у довгостроковій ретроспективі. Визначено, що фактор зростання рівня податкового навантаження не має суттєвого деструктивного впливу на темпи зростання реального валового внутрішнього продукту. Виявлено, що в розрізі структури оподаткування найбільш негативний вплив на економічний розвиток належить податкам на капітал, а податки на споживання мають нейтральний характер. Досліджено основні заходи податкового регулювання, які спрямовано на створення сприятливих умов для довгострокового економічного зростання. Проведено комплексний аналіз структури податкових надходжень у 1981–2016 рр. Узагальнено основні тенденції оподаткування, здійснено оцінку причин структурних трансформацій податкових систем. Introduction. Globalization intensifies the necessity for intergovernmental cooperation aiming to implement the measures on the tax and customs regulation. Considering both the economic cyclicality and historical retrospective, it is expedient to study the advanced and emerging market economies’ experience in the field of developing and implementing a set of fiscal policy measures during the economic expansion, recession, stagnation, and post-crisis recovery periods. The purposeis to systemize the experience of the government tax policy preparation and implementation in the OECD countries in the long-term retrospective, and to assess the tax structure and the level of taxation impact on economic growth. Results. Based on methods of economic regression to evaluate the fiscal policy in the OECD countries over 1981–2016 period, it was determined that increase in the tax burden did not provoke any significant destructive effect on the economy. At the same time, in the context of the tax structure, the taxes on capital had a negative impact on the real GDP growth rates, the taxes on labor had a lower degree of influence, and the effect of the taxes on consumption was almost neutral. The main measures of the tax regulation aimed to create the most favorable conditions for a long-term economic growth were investigated. The tax revenues structure’s complex analysis was carried out; the main tendencies of taxation were generalized. Conclusion. Tax policy is as an adaptive mechanism allowing to regulate the country’s economic development. The OECD countries consistently implement the systematic measures to reduce the income tax rate. This practice is caused by the need to create the most favorable conditions for the entrepreneurship development. Regarding the universal consumption taxes, a gradual rise in their rates was recorded. That fact is reflected by an increase in these taxes’ fiscal importance (taking into account the neutrality of their impact on the economic agents’ business activity). The transformation in the import operations’ model of taxation as well as the implementation and active intensification of free trade policies led to a reduction in the specific weight of customs duties. In modern conditions, the tax legislation’s unification as well as the strengthening of the supranational tax regulation’s role outline an important trend in the development of taxation systems both in advanced and emerging market economies.